Often referred to as the second brain, the gut microbiome is responsible for more than just digestion. With a bidirectional communication system from the gut microbiome (enteric nervous system or ENS) directly to the brain (central nervous system or CNS), it is often hard to pinpoint which is in control. The exploration of the communication pathway between the two, can give insight into neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic functions that are crucial for overall health. Analyzing the impact that stress, gut diversity and inflammation have on the ENS and CNS can provide insight into specific ways to optimize these pathways through nutritional and lifestyle modifications.